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Status Conference
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Status Conference

What is a Status Conference?

What is a status conference? A status conference is part of the appeal procedures of the Supreme Court. The specific provisions for status conference are found under Order 13, rules 10 to 11 of the Supreme Court Rules 2012.

Who conducts status conference?

A status conference is conducted by duty judge. A duty judge is a judge that is assigned by the Chief Justice to conduct listed and hear application or motions which he has the jurisdictions to hear. This also includes urgent applications.  This judge is the duty judge for that circuit month.

When is a status conference held?

A status conference is held by the duty judge on a Monday. It must be the Monday of the week that is prior to the date that is scheduled for the Court sitting.

What happens at a status conference?

The duty judge will review each matter on the draft Hearing List and may do as follows:

  1. issue further directions as may be necessary to make the proceedings ready for hearing; or
  2. may confirm that the matter is ready for hearing.

If the duty judge confirms that the matter is ready for trial, his Honour will check the following: –

  1. Confirm parties’ compliance with directions issued at the Directions Hearing.
  2. Confirm the correctness of the Book which can be either be an appeal book or an application book.
  3. Refer to summary determination, matters which fail to comply with directions issued at the Directions Hearing or otherwise fail to comply with procedures prescribed by the relevant rule or statute.
  4. Confirm length of hearing time.
  5. Confirm that written submissions have been prepared and filed in compliance with earlier directions.
  6. Confirm that the parties have prepared extracts of submissions, in accordance with the Rules of the Court, to be handed up at the hearing of the matter.
  7. Confirm the date or dates for the hearing of the matter.

Once the duty judges hear the parties or a party to the proceeding, he may then:

  1. confirm the hearing date; or
  2.  adjourn the Status Conference as is necessary, to enable the parties to fully comply with directions; or
  3. refer the matter for summary determination.

Status Conference Form

When the duty judge completes that status conference, the Associate of the duty judge will record a summary of the Status Conference. This record must be in Form 10B as set out in Schedule 1 of the Supreme Court Rules. The Associate will then place this form on the Court file.

What happens when a matter is confirmed for hearing?

Once a matter is confirmed for hearing, it will then be listed on the Hearing List. The Hearing List is kept and maintained by the Registrar. This list contains all matters listed for hearing with hearing dates confirmed at the status conference.

The Registrar shall prepare a Hearing list within 2 days from the date of the Status Conference. The Registrar will work in consultation with the associate of the duty judge. The Registrar will then issue out the Hearing List to all parties on the list. The Hearing List is not subject to alteration except by the Chief Justice or the Court before which the matter is listed.

Can a matter be adjourned during status conference?

A proceeding will that is before the duty judge for status conference will not be adjourned generally. Even though parties to the proceedings consent to adjourn the matter generally, the duty judge will not grant adjournment. However, if the parties require time to consider their position or negotiate a settlement then the duty judge may adjourn the proceedings for a comparatively lengthy period but always to a fixed date with liberty to restore the matter to either the Call over List or Directions Hearing or Status Conference, within that time.

Office of the Legislative Counsel
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Office of the Legislative Counsel

What law established the Office of the Legislative Counsel? What are the functions of the Office of the Legislative Counsel? The relevant law that established the Office of the Legislative Counsel is the Legislative Drafting Service Act (Chapter 80). We refer to this Act as the Act in this article.

Legislative Drafting Service

The Act establishes the Legislative Drafting Service. The First Legislative Counsel is the head of the Legislative Drafting Service. The members of the Legislative Drafting Service comprised of the following persons:

  1. First Legislative Counsel.
  2. Second Legislative Counsel.
  3. Assistant Legislative Counsel.

There is can only be one person who is appointed as the First Legislative Counsel. However, there can be more than one person holding the position and office for the Second Legislative Counsel and the Assistant Legislative Counsel. The Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea may determine the number of persons who can fill these two (2) positions. The National Executive Council advises the Head of State to appoint members of the Legislative Drafting Service. This is done for each member, respectively.

Office of the Legislative Counsel

The Act establishes the Office of the Legislative Counsel. The Office of the Legislative Counsel consists of the following persons:

  1. The members of the Legislative Drafting Services.
  2. All employees of the Office of the Legislative Counsel. These staff are employees of the public service.

The Office of the Legislative Counsel can employ staff under contract or otherwise depending on its needs at the relevant time. It is given the power to recruit and employ staff as necessary.

Functions of the Office of the Legislative Counsel

The office of the Legislative Counsel has a lot of functions. These functions are set out as follows:

  1. Drafting of proposed laws for introduction into the Parliament. For example, the Office can draft a bill relating to cybersecurity and introduce it into Parliament for passing.
  2. Drafting of amendments of proposed laws that are being considered by the Parliament. For example, the Office can draft a bill for amendment of the Income Tax Act.
  3. Drafting of subordinate legislation. For example, the Office can draft a bill for a provincial government to enact.
  4. Drafting of other instruments that are to have or be given the force of law or are otherwise related to legislation. For example, draft an instrument for appointment.
  5. Making of arrangements for the printing of the laws, including the reprinting of any laws with amendments and the periodical or other consolidation of any such laws. For example, the annotated Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. In State v Tongayu [2021] PGNC 69; N8810, it was alleged that the Office of the Legislative Counsel prepared two instruments appointing the accused as the Chairman of the Securities Commission and as the Registrar of Companies. However, the Office gave evidence to the contrary. As a matter of course and practice, the Office prepares such appointing instructions. Thereafter, the Office forwards the same to the relevant appointing authority to execute it before it is published in the National Gazette by the Government Printer.
  6. Such other functions as are prescribed by or under any other law or as are directed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is given the power to direct the Office to carry out other functions as and when necessary.

Apart from all these functions listed above, the Office of the Legislative Counsel also has functions that are incidental to any of those functions listed above. In conclusion, the Office of the Legislative Counsel is responsible for drafting the laws of Papua New Guinea to be tabled in Parliament.

Legislative Counsel
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Legislative Counsel

Who is the First Legislative Counsel and what are his responsibilities? Is he responsible for drafting legislations in Papua New Guinea? The relevant law that established the office responsible for legislative drafting and sets out the functions of that office is the Legislative Drafting Service Act (Chapter 80). We refer to this Act as the Act in this article.

Legislative Drafting Service

The Act establishes the Legislative Drafting Service. The First Legislative Counsel is the head of the Legislative Drafting Service and he is the Departmental Head in so far as the Public Service (Management) Act 1995 is concerned. The members of the Legislative Drafting Service comprised of the First, Second and Third Legislative Counsel.

There is can only be one person who is appointed as the First Legislative Counsel. However, there can be more than one person holding the position and office for the Second Legislative Counsel and the Assistant Legislative Counsel. The Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea may determine the number of persons who can fill these two (2) positions. The National Executive Council advises the Head of State to appoint members of the Legislative Drafting Service. This is done for each member, respectively.

Qualification for Legislative Counsel

To be appointed as a Legislative Counsel, there are certain qualifications that you must meet. You must meet any of the following qualifications to be eligible for appointment:

  1. You must be a barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court and the National Court of Papua New Guinea for not less than five years.
  2. You must be a barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory of Australia, the Supreme Court of Judicature of England or the Supreme Court of New Zealand for not less than five years.
  3. You must be called to the Bar of one of the Inns of Court in London for not less than five years.

Qualification for Assistant Legislative Counsel

To be appointed as an Assistant Legislative Counsel, there are certain qualifications that you must meet. You must meet any of the following qualifications to be eligible for appointment:

  1. You must be a barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court and the National Court of Papua New Guinea.
  2. You must be a barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory of Australia, the Supreme Court of Judicature of England or the Supreme Court of New Zealand.
  3. You must be called to the Bar of one of the Inns of Court in London.

There is no time requirements attached to this as in the case of the appointment of a legislative counsel.

Special functions of the First Legislative Counsel

Apart from the general functions of the Office of the Legislative Counsel, he also has some special functions. These functions are set out below:

  1. He is in charge and thus controls the Office of the Legislative Counsel.
  2. Since he controls the office, he is administratively responsible to the Prime Minister for the efficient performance of the functions of the Office. Hence, he is subject to any directions of the Prime Minister as to priorities. He must, administratively allocate work in order or priority as directed by the Prime Minister.
  3. He devises and implements the adoption of uniform and simplified styles, form, wording, and procedures in drafting instruments for which the Office is responsible, and generally for the purposes of the written law. He does that with consultations with other appropriate authorities.
  4. He may also give instructions to other appropriate authorities to devise and implement the adoption of uniform and simplified styles, form, wording, and procedures in drafting instruments.
  5. He is required to promote legislative drafting as a career. Thus, he can consult and co-operate with the University of Papua New Guinea and other appropriate professional and academic bodies.
  6. He is required to improve the art of legislative drafting. Thus, he can consult and co-operate with the University of Papua New Guinea and other appropriate professional and academic bodies.
  7. He is also responsible to liaise with the University of Papua New Guinea and other appropriate professional and academic bodies to improve of the art of legislative drafting.

Apart from the functions set out above, he also has such other functions, duties and responsibilities as the Prime Minister directs where necessary.

Special responsibilities of the Legislative Counsel

Each Legislative Counsel has a special responsibility to draw the attention of the Prime Minister to any case that comes to his attention in which, in his opinion, any instructions for the drafting of an instrument, a proposed law or a proposed amendment to a proposed law:

  1. departs from any instructions given by the Prime Minister or by other competent authority.
  2. is contrary to the canons of good legislation.
  3. makes an unusual or unexpected use of any power conferred.
  4. is ultra vires.
  5. otherwise ought to be specifically referred to the Prime Minister.

Once a Legislative Counsel brings this to the attention of the Prime Minister, the Prime will then consider it and issue directions to him. Whatever, decision that the Prime Minister makes, the Office of the Legislative Counsel is obliged to comply with it.

In conclusion, the legislative counsel is responsible for drafting law and ensuring that these drafts are in compliance with the directions given by the Prime Minister and the appropriate authorities and these laws are not contrary to the existing laws.

Qualification for Admission
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Qualification for Admission to Practise Law

If you want to practice law in Papua New Guinea, you must apply to the National Court for admission to practice law. When you are making such an application, what are the qualifications that you must satisfy to be eligible for admission? These qualification are provided under the Lawyers Act 1986. You must satisfy to the Court that you:

  1. possess the required academic qualification.
  2. possess the required practice qualification.
  3. Are a fit and proper person to be admitted as a lawyer.

Academic qualification

What is the required academic qualification that you must possess when making an application for admission to the National Court to practice law in Papua New Guinea? You must attain a degree of Bachelor of Laws from the University of Papua New Guinea. This is the main qualification you need. However, if the Admission Council (Council) make rules for admission which provides for other academic or educational qualification, you as an applicant must have those academic qualification. However, in the meantime, the Council has not made rules which prescribes other academic qualifications apart from a degree of Bachelor of Law.

Practice qualifications

What are the required practice qualifications that you must possess when making an application for admission to the National Court to practice law in Papua New Guinea? You must have a certificate that is signed by the Director of the Legal Training Institute (Institute) and the Attorney General, in his capacity as the Chairman of the Admission Council, wherein they certify that you have successfully completed the course of training that were conducted by the Institute. This is the main qualification you need. However, if the Council make rules for admission which provides for other practice qualification, you as an applicant must have those qualifications. However, in the meantime, the Council has not made rules which prescribes other practice qualifications apart from this certificate from the Institute.

Fit and proper person test

You must possess a certificate that is signed by the Attorney General of Papua New Guinea wherein he certifies that you are a fit and proper person to be admitted to practice law in Papua New Guinea. To make this certification, you will appear before the Attorney General for a personal interview. The Attorney General may require you to bring to the interview evidence of your fitness, academic and practice qualification. The Attorney General will request evidence as he thinks fit. If, after the interview, the Attorney General finds that you have not provided adequate evidence of your academic and practice qualifications, he may require the applicant to sit examinations and for this purpose he may set such examinations.

All in all, you must possess these three main qualifications before your make an application for admission in the National Court to practice as a lawyer in Papua New Guinea.

Application for Admission
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Application for Admission to Practice Law

If you want to practice law in Papua New Guinea, you must apply to the National Court for admission to practice law. The procedures are set out in the Lawyers Act 1986.

Publication of intention of apply for admission

There is a preliminary step that you must take before you make an application for admission. This step will start the admission process. You must, within 14 days from the date of the hearing of your application, you must publish in a newspaper your intention to apply for admission to practice law in Papua New Guinea. The newspaper that you choose to publish your notice must be a newspaper that circulates throughout Papua New Guinea. Thereafter, you must file an affidavit giving evidence that you published this notice.

Application for admission to practise

You must make an application for admission to the practice to the National Court. You will pay a fee of K150 to the National Court Library Account for admission. This application must be made by way of a notice of motion seeking on one relief. This relief is admission to practice law in Papua New Guinea. You must file the notice of motion with your affidavit which will provide all the relevant evidence to support your motion. In your affidavit, you must set out evidence to satisfy the following requirement:

  1. Brief details of your schooling.
  2. Details of your work experience if you have any.
  3. You possess the required academic qualification.
  4. You possess the required practice qualification.
  5. You are a fit and proper person to be admitted as a lawyer.
  6. Whether you have any criminal convictions and, if so, details of those convictions.

Once you file the application and receive the sealed copies of the notice of motion and your affidavit, you must serve a copy of these documents on the secretary of the Papua New Guinea Law Society. You must serve these court documents as soon as possible after filing these documents. Thereafter, you must file an affidavit giving evidence that you served the court documents on the secretary.

Hearing of the application for admission

Once you file a notice of motion at the National Court Registry, the registrar will allocate a hearing date for your application on the sealed motion. If no date is given on the motion, the registrar will notify you in writing of the hearing date.

On the hearing date, when you move your application before the National Court, you must show to the satisfaction of the Court that you meet the following requirements:

  1. You possess the required academic qualification.
  2. You possess the required practice qualification.
  3. You are a fit and proper person to be admitted as a lawyer.

Once the Court is satisfied that you have met all these requirements, it will grant the relief you are seeking in your motion. The Court will admit you to practice as a lawyer in the Courts of Papua New Guinea. The Court also has the jurisdiction to waive all or any of these requirements.

Objections to your application

The Papua New Guinea Law Society (Society) may attend Court on the hearing date of your application and object to your application. The Society may make submission either in support of your application or in objection of your application. It may take whichever position and makes submission on it as it thinks fit.

Roll of Lawyers

Once the Court admits you to practice as a lawyer, then the Registrar of the National Court (Registrar) will produce the Roll of Lawyers. You will swear an oath or make an affirmation and thereafter you will sign on the Roll of Lawyers. The Roll of Lawyers is kept by the Registrar.

Certificate of Admission

Once you signed the Roll of Lawyers, the Registrar will issue a certificate of admission to you. Once you are admitted to practice law and has signed the Roll of Lawyers, you may then practice as a lawyer in accordance with the provisions of the Lawyers Act 1986.

Admission Council
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Admission Council

What is the Admission Council (Council)? The Council is established under section 25A of the Lawyers Act 1986.

What is the composition of the Council?

The Council is made up of the following members:

  1. the Attorney-General.
  2. the Chief Justice.
  3. the President of the Papua New Guinea Law Society (Society).

The Attorney General is the Chairman of the Council. All these members hold their seat in ex officio. This means that the officers who holds these position as members are not voted in. Instead, they hold these position because of their position as the Attorney General, the Chief Justice and the President of the Society, respectively.

What are the functions of the Council?

The Council is responsible for the admission of lawyers to practice in Papua New Guinea. The functions of the Council are set out in the Lawyers Act. The Lawyers Act gives the Council the power to make rules relating to admission to practice.

Rules of admission

If the Council makes any rules relating to admission, it will then give notice of the rules to the public by publishing it in the National Gazette. The Attorney General will be responsible for ensuring that the notice is published in the National Gazette. The rules will come in force upon publication of the notice. If, however, the notice itself sets out a date that the rules will come into operation, then that date will be the date of operation and not the date of publication.

An example of a rule made by the Council is the Lawyers Admission Rules 1990 which set out the prescribed forms for the following:

  1. Form 1 – Certificate of Training issued by the Chairman of the Council and the Director of the Legal Training Institute.
  2. Form 2 – Notice of Intention to Apply for Admission as a Lawyer.
  3. Form 3 – Lawyer’s Oath.
  4. Form 4 – Roll of Lawyers.
  5. Form 5 – Certificate of Admission.

All in all, the Council is responsible making rules in relating to admission of applicants to practice as lawyers in Papua New Guinea.

Procedures of the Commision of Inquiry
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Procedures of the Commission of Inquiry

What rules of procedure are applicable to the commission of inquiry?

In Papua New Guinea, a Minister appoints a Commission of Inquiry. A Minister makes this appointment under the Commissions of Inquiry Act (the Act). A Commission will conduct an inquiry in such matters which the minister thinks that it concerns public welfare. The Act gives a wide discretionary power to the Commission to make such rules as it thinks proper for the conduct of the proceedings before it. It may also make rules for the times and places for its meetings and for adjournment of its hearing. However, those rules must not be inconsistent with the terms of the instrument of the appointment of the Commission.

Powers of the Commissioner

The Act gives the Commissioner the power to summon a person to attend before the commission to give evidence. By giving, it includes producing any documents, books or writing the person summoned has in his custody or control. The summons must be in writing and issued under his hand of the Commissioner. The summons will set out the time and place when the person is required to attend before the Commission.

In addition to that power a commissioner may administer an oath to a person appearing as a witness before the Commission. This is irrespective of whether that person is summoned or appears without being summoned. Furthermore, the commissioner may examine the witness on oath.  

“The Commission by its very establishment and nature inquisitorial in nature with extensive powers to compel the giving of evidence and the production of documents by witnesses it considers relevant and appropriate. The Commissioners are therefore expected to play a far more active role in ascertaining facts then a Court would. It is therefore appropriate to allow for a wide range of expression and conduct of the Commissioners and one should not interpret robust conduct as bias.”

Justice Kandakasi, as he then was, in Bank of Papua New Guinea v Marshall Cooke QC [2003] PGNC 127; N2369

Offences

If you are served with a summons and you fail to attend before the Commission you are guilty of an offence. Even if you appear but fail to produce any document, book or writing wherein you were summoned to produce, you are guilty of an offence. The Act also gives the person summoned an opportunity to explain his failure not to comply. You must give a reasonable excuse for your failure to comply and therefore the Commission will exercise its discretion. There are two forms of penalty for this. You can either pay a fine not exceeding K5, 000.00 or imprisoned for a term not exceeding two years.

If you have no reasonable excuse, then the only defence is to prove that the document, book or writing you are summoned to produce is not relevant to the inquiry.

If a person appearing as a witness does any of the following then he is guilty of an offence:

  1. refuses to be sworn.
  2. refuses to make an affirmation.
  3. refuses to answer any questions relevant to the inquiry put to him by a commissioner.
  4. leaves the Commission without the permission of the Commissioners.
  5. Gives false evidence.

The penalty for these offences set out as items 1, 2, 3 and 4 is a fine not exceeding K5, 000.00 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years. The penalty for item 5 is imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years.

You are guilty of contempt of commission of you do any of the following acts:

  1. wilfully insults the Commission.
  2. wilfully interrupts the proceedings of the Commission.
  3. is in any manner guilty of wilful contempt of the Commission,

The penalty for this offence is a fine not exceeding K5, 000.00 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.

Are counsels permitted to appear before the Commission?

The short answer is yes. The Act permits counsels to appear before the Commission on behalf of their client. However, they can only appear if their client satisfies to the Commission that he has a bona fide interest in the subject matter of the inquiry. The Commissioner will then grant leave to the person to appear. That person can then choose to appear by himself or engage a counsel to represent him.

Is the inquiry closed to the public? 

No, it is not. The commission will hold the inquiry in public. However, the Commission has the power to exclude any person or persons to preserve order and the due conduct of the inquiry. Another circumstance where part of the inquiry will not be made in the public is when the commission order that all evidence before it be given in private. However, this must be done with the approval of the minister.

Furthermore, the Commission may direct that any evidence that is given before it must not be publish. This includes any document, book or writing that is produced before the Commission. If a person published it without the consent of the Commission or the minister, he is guilty of an offence.

What happens to the findings of the Commission? 

Once the Commission concludes its inquiry, it will make a report of its proceeding and the results of its inquiry to the Minster. The Commission shall record the reasons for its conclusions. In cases where a Commission consist of more than one commissioner and if a commissioner dissents from the conclusion, he must give his reasons for the dissent.

The Minister will then lay the report before the Parliament. He must do that no later than the first day of the second meeting of the Parliament after he receives the report from the Commission. However, this is subject to the minister’s opinion on whether the tabling of the report in Parliament is contrary to public interest.

Purpose of the Commision of Inquiry
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Purpose of the Commission of Inquiry

What is a commission of inquiry?

In Papua New Guinea, a Commission of Inquiry is a commission that is appointed by a Minister. The Minister execrise his powers under the Commissions of Inquiry Act (the Act) to appoint the Commission. The Commission conducts an inquiry in such matters which the minister thinks that it concerns public welfare.

“It is clear however, that a Commission of Inquiry is a public authority established under a national legislation performing a public task under its given terms of reference. But its task is restricted to collating evidence in relation to the matters that it is tasked to inquire into and make findings of the relevant facts and make recommendations. It does not have the power to make a decision that immediately affects the rights and interest of persons that might be covered in its finds and or recommendation. Such obligations are left to the relevant authorities that do have the power to make the decisions.”

Justice Kandakasi, as he then was, in Bank of Papua New Guinea v Marshall Cooke QC [2003] PGNC 127; N2369

Who appoints a Commission?

A Minister. However, the Act does not specify which Minister will appoint a Commission. It leaves it open. This is because of the purpose for which a Commission may be appointed for. If a legislation mentions a minister but does not specify which minister, this mean that the Minister would be the minister who has responsibility for that provision, matter, or thing. If there is no such minister, then it would be the Prime Minister.

What is the purpose of a Commission?

A minister may appoint a Commission to conduct an inquiry into any matter which the minister thinks is for public welfare. There are many instances where a Commission of Inquiry was appointed to inquire into matters that concerned the welfare of the public.

How does a minister appoint a commission?  

A minister shall appoint a commission by instrument. The instrument shall set specify the subject of the inquiry. Furthermore, the instrument must be accompanied by a statement of the case on which the Minister ordered the inquiry. In addition to these two, the instrument can also:

  1. direct where and when the report shall be made. and
  2. direct where and when the inquiry shall be made.
  3. set out the name of the commissioner.

If the Commission will be made by two or more commissioners, then the instrument must clearly set out the names of the commissioners and appoint one of them as the Chairman of the commission. Since there are more than one commissioner, the instrument must fox a quorum for meeting of the commission.

Is the inquiry closed to the public? 

No, it is not. The commission will hold the inquiry in public. However, the Commission has the power to exclude any person or persons to preserve order and the due conduct of the inquiry. Another circumstance where part of the inquiry will not be made in the public is when the commission order that all evidence before it be given in private. However, this must be done with the approval of the minister.

Furthermore, the Commission may direct that any evidence that is given before it must not be publish. This includes any document, book or writing that is produced before the Commission. If a person published it without the consent of the Commission or the minister, he is guilty of an offence.

What happens to the findings of the Commission? 

Once the Commission concludes its inquiry, it will make a report of its proceeding. The Commission will send the results of its inquiry to the Minster. The Commission shall record the reasons for its conclusions. In cases where a Commission consist of more than one commissioner and if a commissioner dissents from the conclusion, he must give his reasons for the dissent.

The Minister will then lay the report before the Parliament. He must do that no later than the first day of the second meeting of the Parliament after he receives the report from the Commission. However, this is subject to the minister’s opinion on whether the tabling of the report in Parliament is contrary to public interest.

What happens after the findings of the Commission? 

The Act charges the Commission only to make inquiries into a matter and make findings on it. It does not have the power to act on those findings to make findings that will affect the right of a person. Instead, that duty is upon the relevant authorities to relay on the report, its findings and act on it.

Are the findings of the Commission subject to appeal or review?

The short answer is no. The Act gives a Commission powers. Hence, a Commission has privileges and protections similar to that of a judge of the National Court. However, there is no provision in the Act which gives a party the right of appeal or review against any finding of a Commission.

Intial medical treatment notes
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Initial medical treatment notes

A Plaintiff who brings a claim for damages based on injuries sustain must provide the relevant evidence to prove his case. As for injuries sustained, the Plaintiff has the onus to satisfy to the Court that he, indeed, sustained those injuries. In order to prove this allegation, the Plaintiff must provide medical records showing injuries sustained and treatment received. A medical report only is not sufficient. The Plaintiff must provide the initial admission and treatment notes, subsequent treatment notes and the medical report to dispense with the burden of proving his case. This position is taken by the cases as set out below.

The Court (Justice Woods) in the Moip v Motor Vehicles Insurance (PNG) Trust [1993] PGNC 51; N1185 dismissed the procceedings on the basis there was insufficient evidence produced by the Plaintiff to prove the allegations by the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff claimed that he sustained serious injuries and was treat at the Mt Hagen General Hospital for some months. However, the Plaintiff did not produce as evidence of hospital records to support this allegation. His Honour stated that such medical records are elementary in such as situation and must be produced as evidence.

The same position was taken by Justice Kandakasi (as he then was) in Kagl v Baki, Secretary Department of Education [2008] PGNC 40; N3318 where the Plaintiff claimed that he sustained injuries that eventually led to him being mentally disordered. However, during trial, the Plaintiff did not adduce into evidence any medical report. Hence, there was no medical evidence of the Plaintiff’s initial illness, initial and any subsequent hospital admission and treatment and the development of complications leading to the alleged mental disorder. His Honour affirmed the position taken by Justice Wood in Moip v Motor Vehicles Insurance (PNG) Trust [supra] wherein the Court emphasized the need for the production of medical evidence, which is contemporaneous to the date of an accident to give credence to a claim against the Defendant. His Honour stated that medical reports would be the only credible way of confirming or otherwise rebutting a person’s claim of sustaining personal injuries or loss. Without such evidence, no credibility could be attached to a claim of personal injuries.

This same position is taken by Justice David in Ziporo v Motor Vehicles Insurance Ltd [2008] PGNC 234; N3701, by Justice Sawong in Nikints v Independent State of Papua New Guinea [1998] PGNC 7; N1683 and by Justice Kandakasi (as he then was) in Wapi v Ialy [2013] PGNC 89; N5108.

This approach taken by the Court in relation to medical evidence is applicable in personal injuries cases arising from motor vehicle accidents, human rights case and employment related injuries. It applies to all claims where a person is seeking reliefs from a claim based on injuries sustained.

In conclusion, a Plaintiff must keep those records properly so that he can prove his allegation of injuries sustained. This aspect of the evidence is crucial to his case.

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Solatium
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Solatium

The Wrongs (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (Chapter 297) provides two (2) actions that a person can claim on behalf of the Deceased. These actions for are:

  1. Dependency claim under Part IV (wrongful act or neglect causing death) of the Act;
  2. Estate claim under Part V (survival of causes of action);

If a child died because of the negligent act or omission of another person, then the parents can bring an action for damages under Part IV (wrongful act or neglect causing death) of the Wrongs (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (Chapter 297). In this action, a parent can claim as relief solatium.  What is solatium? Solatium is a form of compensation for the suffering caused to a parent by the death of the child.

Who is considered a child?

For the purposes of this action, who is considered a child? What is the age limit wherein a person can be considered a child? A child is under the age of 18 as set out in the cases of in Manduru v Motor Vehicles Insurance Ltd [2016] PGNC 308; N6509 and Hariwaja -v- PNG Power Limited [2014] N7488 and Mari v Tahong [2015] PGNC 280; N6241.

Who is considered a parent?

For the purposes of this action, who is considered a parent? The Act defines parent to mean:

  1. where the child has been adopted, the adopted father or mother of the child;
  2. where the child has not been adopted, the father or mother of a legitimate child; and
  3. where the child has not been adopted but is born out of wedlock, the mother of an illegitimate child.

How much is the award of solatium?

The award of solatium is set by the Act at a fixed sum of K600. This is considered too low in the current economic climate. However, it is the statutory amount. The only way to increase or lower is amount is by way of amendment of the Act.

The Court will award the amount of K600 equally to both parents if they brought the proceedings together. However, if both parents survive the child and only one parent brings such as action to claim solatium, then the Court will award only half as it is due. The Court will look at the conduct of the parent in relation to the deceased child and if it finds it unsatisfactory, it may refuse to grant solatium. Furthermore, if a parent dies, his right to this claim does not survive him for the benefit of his estate.

All in all, solatium is a relief awarded to the surviving parent of a child in compensation for the suffering he endured because of the death of the child. The award is set by statute at K600 to be shared equally by both parents.

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